Tuesday 22 October 2024

BBS 4th Year Entrepreneurship Notes pdf

 


Explore key concepts in Entrepreneurship with our comprehensive notes for TU (Tribhuvan University) BBS 4th Year. Whether you're preparing for exams or looking to enhance your understanding, these chapter-wise notes will guide you through essential topics in entrepreneurship. Click the links below to download the notes.

Chapter 1: Introduction to Entrepreneurship and Enterprise Development

Understand the basics of entrepreneurship, including the process of enterprise development.
Click here to download

Chapter 2: Women Entrepreneurship

Learn about the role of women in entrepreneurship and their contributions to the economy.
Click here to download

Chapter 3: Growth of Entrepreneurship

Examine the factors influencing the growth and evolution of entrepreneurial ventures.
Click here to download

Chapter 4: Entrepreneurship Competency Development (ECD)

Explore how to develop competencies essential for successful entrepreneurship.
Click here to download

Chapter 5: Entrepreneurial Venture Creation

Understand the steps involved in creating a successful entrepreneurial venture.
Click here to download

Chapter 6: Legal Issues of Entrepreneurial Venture

Learn about the legal aspects and considerations when establishing a new venture.
Click here to download

Chapter 7: Financing of Entrepreneurial Venture

Discover the various financing options available for entrepreneurial ventures.
Click here to download

Chapter 8: Institutional Support to Entrepreneurship Development

Explore the institutional frameworks that support entrepreneurship development.
Click here to download

Stay tuned for more notes and updates, designed specifically for TU BBS 4th Year students aiming to excel in entrepreneurship.

  • TU BBS 4th Year Notes
  • Tribhuvan University BBS Notes
  • BBS Entrepreneurship Notes
  • Entrepreneurship and Enterprise Development
  • Women Entrepreneurship in Nepal
  • Growth of Entrepreneurship
  • Entrepreneurship Competency Development
  • Entrepreneurial Venture Creation
  • Legal Issues in Entrepreneurship
  • Financing of Entrepreneurial Ventures
  • Institutional Support for Entrepreneurship
  • TU BBS 4th Year Entrepreneurship Notes
  • BBS 4th Year Business Studies
  • BBS Entrepreneurship Study Material
  • Tribhuvan University Entrepreneurship Notes
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    Tuesday 1 October 2024

    BBS Second Year Organizational Behavior & Human Resource Management Notes pdf


    Welcome to our collection of TU (Tribhuvan University) BBS 2nd Year pdf notes for Organizational Behavior (OB) and Human Resource Management (HRM). These notes are tailored to help you grasp key concepts and excel in your studies. Download chapter-wise notes by clicking the links below.

    Organizational Behavior (OB)

    1. Introduction to Organizational Behavior
      Learn the foundations of how individuals and groups behave within an organization.
      Click here to download

    2. Perception and Learning
      Explore how we perceive our environment and acquire new knowledge in organizational settings.
      Click here to download

    3. Personality
      Dive into how personality traits influence behavior at work.
      Click here to download

    4. Groups and Teams in Organization
      Understand the dynamics of teamwork and collaboration in the workplace.
      Click here to download

    5. Organizational Conflict and Stress
      Learn strategies to manage conflict and stress for better productivity.
      Click here to download

    6. Organizational Change and Development
      Note Coming Soon!

    Human Resource Management (HRM)

    1. Introduction to Human Resource Management
      Get an overview of HRM and its role in managing people within an organization.
      Click here to download

    2. Job Design and Analysis
      Understand how jobs are structured and analyzed for efficiency and effectiveness.
      Click here to download

    3. Talent Acquisition and Development
      Learn how organizations attract, recruit, and develop talented employees.
      Click here to download

    4. Performance Appraisal and Reward Management
      Note Coming Soon!

    5. Employee Maintenance and Emerging Issues in HRM
      Note Coming Soon!


    Stay tuned for more updates and additional notes. These resources are designed to make your preparation easier for the TU BBS 2nd Year exams.

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    Introduction to Organizational Behavior - BBS SECOND YEAR OB & HRM

    (BBS 2ND YEAR OB & HRM ) 


    Introduction to Organizational Behavior 

    Organizational Behavior (OB) is about understanding, predicting, and managing how people act in a workplace, either on their own or in groups. It helps us figure out why people behave the way they do at work and how we can use that understanding to improve how organizations function.

    Internal and External Perspectives of OB

    • Internal Perspective: This idea focuses on the individual, suggesting that a person's actions are shaped by their own thoughts, feelings, and experiences.
    • External Perspective: This idea says that a person’s behavior is mostly influenced by outside factors, like the work environment, rules, leadership, and society.

    Why OB is Important

    1. Understanding Relationships: OB helps us understand how people interact with their co-workers, managers, and subordinates, making it easier to work together.
    2. Predicting Behavior: It helps us predict how people will act in different situations, which can help avoid conflicts and improve decision-making.
    3. Better Communication: Understanding OB leads to better communication between team members and across the organization.
    4. Improving Marketing: By understanding people’s behavior, companies can better meet the needs of their customers.
    5. Motivating Employees: Managers can use OB to encourage and motivate employees, leading to better performance.
    6. Making Change Easier: OB helps in managing changes in the workplace by anticipating how people might react to them.
    7. Achieving Goals: OB helps align people’s behavior with the goals of the organization, making it more effective.

    Key Factors of OB

    There are three main factors that affect behavior in an organization:

    1. People: The individuals and teams within the company and how they interact.
    2. Structure: The way the organization is arranged, including the hierarchy and roles of people within it.
    3. Technology: The tools and systems used to get work done, which impact how people work.

    By understanding these factors, organizations can create a better work environment, improve teamwork, and reach their goals more efficiently.

    People

    An organization is made up of individuals with different personalities, skills, interests, values, and backgrounds. To create a positive work environment, everyone should be treated fairly and judged based on their work and contributions, rather than their personal differences.

    Example: A company hires trainees from various states like Orissa, Haryana, and Arunachal Pradesh. During and after their training, their performance is evaluated solely based on their task completion, not on their background or where they come from.

    Organizational Structure

    The structure of an organization refers to how it is arranged and how relationships and roles are set up to meet organizational goals. It determines how communication flows and how responsibilities are divided among employees.

    Example: The organizational structure outlines how a manager interacts with employees and co-workers, specifying reporting relationships and team dynamics.

    Technology

    Technology involves the use of scientific knowledge to make tasks easier and more efficient. It provides tools and systems that help employees do their work better and improve overall performance.

    Example: The use of software like SAP or big data systems can significantly impact both individual and organizational performance by streamlining processes and improving decision-making.

    Environment

    Organizations operate within both internal and external environments:

    • Internal Environment: Refers to factors within the company that impact its functioning, like employee morale, culture, and financial stability.
    • External Environment: Refers to outside factors that the company cannot control but must respond to, such as economic conditions, political changes, and market competition.

    Example: Internal factors like a company’s culture or employee satisfaction can influence productivity, while external factors like changes in the economy or government policies can affect how the company operates.

    Key Elements of OB

    The concept of Organizational Behavior is built on two main elements:

    1. Nature of People: Understanding that people in an organization are different in terms of their traits, behaviors, and motivations.
    2. Nature of the Organization: Understanding how the organization is structured and how it operates to achieve its goals.

    Nature of People

    The nature of people in an organization refers to the basic qualities and characteristics that shape how individuals behave. These traits can be common or unique, and understanding them is crucial for effective management. Some key factors that affect people's nature in the workplace include:

    1. Individual Differences: Each employee is unique, so managers should avoid a "one-size-fits-all" approach and treat employees individually based on their work, not personal biases.
      Example: A manager should not favor one employee over another but should evaluate everyone fairly based on their performance.

    2. Perception: Perception is how people interpret and understand the world around them, which varies from person to person.
      Example: Aman believes late-night parties are harmful, while Anamika sees them as an opportunity to make new friends. Both have different perceptions of the same event.

    3. A Whole Person: People cannot be separated into their skills or abilities alone. Employees bring their whole selves—including their emotions and personal lives—to the workplace, which affects their performance.
      Example: A worker’s mood or emotional state can influence their productivity and behavior at work.

    4. Motivated Behavior: Motivation drives people's actions. In a workplace, motivation can be either positive or negative:

      • Positive Motivation: Encouraging employees to achieve goals by offering rewards like promotions.
        Example: "If you finish this project, you will receive a bonus."
      • Negative Motivation: Pushing employees to perform by warning of consequences.
        Example: "If you don't meet the deadline, you might lose your position."
    5. Value of a Person: Employees want to feel valued and recognized for their skills and contributions. They also seek opportunities for growth and development.

    Nature of Organization

    The nature of an organization refers to its purpose, the opportunities it offers, and the standards it sets. It reflects the company’s values, social system, mutual interests, and ethics.

    1. Social System: Organizations interact with people and other organizations, forming social systems that can be formal or informal:

      • Formal: These include structured groups, like teams working on a project.
        Example: A company hosting a success party for completing a big project.
      • Informal: These are unstructured gatherings, like employees socializing casually.
        Example: A birthday celebration at the office.
    2. Mutual Interest: Organizations and employees rely on each other to achieve their goals.
      Example: Banks rely on customers depositing money, and in return, they offer services like loans and interest.

    3. Ethics: Ethics are the moral principles that guide both individual and organizational behavior. Ethical treatment of employees helps build trust and retain talent.
      Example: Companies often implement codes of ethics and reward employees for upholding ethical standards.

    Inter-Individual Behavior

    Inter-individual behavior refers to how people communicate and interact with each other in the workplace, including leadership, group dynamics, and conflicts. It helps in understanding power dynamics and politics within the organization.

    Example: A meeting to select new board members involves discussions about leadership and decision-making, showcasing different group behaviors.

    By understanding these aspects of human behavior and organizational dynamics, companies can create better working environments and achieve their goals more effectively.

    Group Behavior

    Group behavior refers to how a group of individuals works together within an organization to achieve shared goals. It studies how groups form, function, and contribute to the overall effectiveness of the organization. Group behavior is essential for achieving organizational goals through collective effort.

    Example: A group of employees organizing a strike or rally to protest certain policies demonstrates how groups work together for a common purpose.

    Roles of a Manager

    A manager plays several key roles to ensure the organization functions smoothly. The manager is responsible for planning, organizing, staffing, directing, coordinating, reporting, budgeting, and controlling. Each of these roles is essential for the successful operation of a company.

    1. Planning

    Planning is the foundation of any project. The manager creates a roadmap for the project, outlining steps, resources needed, and timelines. A backup plan should also be in place in case the original plan doesn’t work.

    • Example: A manager plans how to start a new project, decides the resources needed, and creates a schedule for completing tasks.

    2. Organizing

    Once the plan is set, the manager organizes all the elements—people, tasks, and resources—so everything goes according to plan. If things deviate, the manager steps in to address and fix the issues.

    • Example: The manager organizes interviews to find the right software testers for a new project.

    3. Staffing

    Staffing involves assembling a team by grouping people based on their skills and assigning tasks accordingly. The manager must also handle any disputes or issues that arise within teams.

    • Example: A manager creates a new team for a project and assigns roles to each member.

    4. Directing/Leading

    The manager provides guidance to employees to ensure they stay on track and avoid conflicts. This involves leading the team, giving clear instructions, and helping employees understand how to complete tasks.

    • Example: A team leader provides direction to employees on how to complete their tasks and ensure deadlines are met.

    5. Coordinating

    The manager coordinates efforts across the organization, ensuring that employees work together effectively and communicate freely. Coordination ensures tasks are completed efficiently and helps avoid misunderstandings.

    • Example: A manager coordinates the schedules of team members to meet the project deadline.

    6. Reporting

    It is the manager’s duty to report the progress of tasks to higher authorities. The manager also keeps track of updates on ongoing tasks and ensures that employees report their status to the manager.

    • Example: A manager updates the company directors on the progress of their respective projects.

    7. Budgeting

    The manager must ensure that all projects are completed within the allocated budget. They monitor spending and, if necessary, report any budget issues to higher management.

    • Example: A project budget allows for hiring three employees, so the manager cannot assign more than three workers to the project.

    8. Controlling

    The manager keeps everything under control, whether it’s finances, resources, or schedules. They ensure that everything stays organized and that no resources are misused or overallocated.

    • Example: The manager prevents all team members from taking leave on the same day to avoid disruptions in project delivery.

    Each of these roles contributes to the overall effectiveness of the organization and ensures that work is completed efficiently and within the company’s goals and limitations.

    Various Challenges of a Manager

    While managing the workflow and playing multiple roles in an organization, a manager faces several tough challenges. Some of these challenges include:

    1. Managing Workforce Diversity:
      Managers must avoid discrimination and promote equality among employees, regardless of their background, culture, or ethnicity. Employees should be treated fairly, and rewards should be based solely on performance and work quality.

      • Example: Ensuring that employees from different cultural backgrounds are given equal opportunities for promotions and rewards based on their work, not their ethnicity.
    2. Improving Quality and Productivity:
      A key responsibility of managers is to enhance productivity without compromising on quality. This can be achieved through two approaches:

      • Total Quality Management (TQM): Continuous focus on customer satisfaction by improving organizational processes.
      • Process Engineering: Concentrating on optimizing the production process to maintain product quality.
      • Example: Implementing better production techniques to deliver products faster while maintaining high standards of quality.
    3. Responding to Labor Shortages:
      In case of a labor shortage, a manager must act swiftly to ensure that the necessary workforce is available so that product deliveries and other organizational operations are not delayed.

      • Example: Hiring temporary workers or redistributing tasks among existing staff to address a sudden shortfall in labor.
    4. Eradicating Labor Shortages:
      To prevent labor shortages from recurring, managers need to plan ahead and establish backup solutions.

      • Example: Partnering with staffing agencies to ensure a steady supply of workers during peak seasons.
    5. Improving Customer Service:
      To remain competitive, managers must continuously work on enhancing customer service. This requires keeping up with customer expectations and resolving issues promptly.

      • Example: Implementing a feedback system to track customer satisfaction and making necessary improvements based on feedback.
    6. Improving Ethical Behavior:
      Managers are responsible for maintaining ethical standards in the workplace. They must ensure that employees behave appropriately and adhere to the company's ethical guidelines.

      • Example: Establishing clear rules regarding workplace conduct and addressing unethical behavior quickly and effectively.

    These challenges require careful attention and strategic action from managers to ensure the smooth functioning of the organization and maintain work-life balance.

    Organizational Behavior as a Field of Study

    Organizational behavior (OB) goes beyond being just a discipline; it’s a field of study that reflects the collective behavior of people and management. While a discipline relies on theoretical foundations, OB integrates knowledge from various fields like psychology, sociology, and anthropology. It is used to address organizational challenges, especially those related to human interactions and behavior.

    Four Types of OB Models

    There are four different models in organizational behavior that help explain how people and management interact within an organization. These models will be explored to understand their influence on organizational dynamics.


    1. Autocratic Model

    The autocratic model is based on the power and authority of the manager. In this model, managers give strict orders, and employees are expected to obey without question. Employees are heavily dependent on their managers and often feel restricted. Because they have little freedom or responsibility, their performance tends to be low, as they do just enough to meet basic expectations. This model often leads to frustration and dissatisfaction among employees, as they lack motivation and autonomy in their roles.

    2. Custodial Model

    The custodial model focuses on providing employees with security through benefits like good salaries, healthcare, and job security. Instead of depending on their manager, employees rely on the organization for their well-being. While this model helps employees feel safe and cared for, it does not necessarily inspire them to perform at their best. Although they are generally satisfied, they may not feel motivated to go beyond their assigned tasks because their cooperation is mostly passive, driven by the security provided rather than personal growth or ambition.

    3. Supportive Model

    The supportive model is built on leadership and encouragement from managers. In this model, managers focus on supporting and guiding employees, helping them grow and improve their job performance. Employees feel valued and recognized for their contributions, which boosts their motivation and engagement. This model encourages employees to participate actively and take pride in their work. As a result, there is a positive atmosphere in the organization where employees feel appreciated, leading to higher productivity and job satisfaction.

    4. Collegial Model

    The collegial model emphasizes teamwork and partnership between managers and employees. In this model, employees and managers work together as equals, with a shared responsibility for the organization’s success. Employees feel a sense of ownership and self-discipline, leading to higher levels of responsibility and motivation. This model fosters collaboration, mutual respect, and a sense of belonging among employees. As a result, employees are more likely to contribute to the company’s success because they feel they are part of a team working toward common goals.

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    Saturday 6 April 2024

    Rohit Ghimire Wedding Gallery - Nepali Wedding Gallery

      Rohit Ghimire Wedding Gallery - Nepali Wedding Gallery

    ROHIT GHIMIRE WEDDING PHOTO

    ROHIT GHIMIRE WEDDING PHOTO

    ROHIT GHIMIRE WEDDING PHOTO

    ROHIT GHIMIRE WEDDING PHOTO

    ROHIT GHIMIRE WEDDING PHOTO

    ROHIT GHIMIRE WEDDING PHOTO



    ROHIT GHIMIRE WEDDING PHOTO

    ROHIT GHIMIRE WEDDING PHOTO

    ROHIT GHIMIRE WEDDING PHOTO

    ROHIT GHIMIRE WEDDING PHOTO

    ROHIT GHIMIRE WEDDING PHOTO

    ROHIT GHIMIRE WEDDING PHOTO

    ROHIT GHIMIRE WEDDING PHOTO

    ROHIT GHIMIRE WEDDING PHOTO

    ROHIT GHIMIRE WEDDING PHOTO

    ROHIT GHIMIRE WEDDING PHOTO

    ROHIT GHIMIRE WEDDING PHOTO

    ROHIT GHIMIRE WEDDING PHOTO

    ROHIT GHIMIRE WEDDING PHOTO

    ROHIT GHIMIRE WEDDING PHOTO

    ROHIT GHIMIRE WEDDING PHOTO

    ROHIT GHIMIRE WEDDING PHOTO

    ROHIT GHIMIRE WEDDING PHOTO

    ROHIT GHIMIRE WEDDING PHOTO

    ROHIT GHIMIRE WEDDING PHOTO

    ROHIT GHIMIRE WEDDING PHOTO

    ROHIT GHIMIRE WEDDING PHOTO

    ROHIT GHIMIRE WEDDING PHOTO

    ROHIT GHIMIRE WEDDING PHOTO

    ROHIT GHIMIRE WEDDING PHOTO

    ROHIT GHIMIRE WEDDING PHOTO

    ROHIT GHIMIRE WEDDING PHOTO

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    Monday 1 April 2024

    Krishna sir AKA Guruba Singing song on our wedding |Rohit Weds Uma

    Listen to Krishna Bhandari Sir, also known as Guruba, sing beautifully at Rohit Ghimire and Uma Bhattarai's wedding. The wedding happened at Brikshyalaya Resort in Kapan, Kathmandu, on February 14th, 2024. Join us in feeling happy and joyful as Krishna Sir's music fills the air with love and happiness. You can be a part of this special moment by subscribing to our channel and turning on notifications. Don't miss out on more heartwarming wedding highlights!

    ROHIT GHIMIRE

    #KrishnaSir #Guruba #WeddingSong #RohitWedsUma #SoulfulMelody #LoveInHarmony Krishna Bhandari sir Krishna Sir performance, Guruba singing at wedding, Soulful wedding song, Rohit and Uma's wedding ceremony, Heartfelt wedding performance, Love and joy at wedding, Wedding ceremony serenade, Krishna Sir's soulful voice, Wedding highlights, Subscribe for more wedding moments, Emotional wedding performance, Harmonious wedding celebration, Wedding day serenade, Magical wedding melody, Captivating wedding music,
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    Tuesday 19 March 2024

    Nepali Wedding - ROHIT WEDS UMA || Full Wedding video





    ROHIT GHIMIRE WEDDING PHOTO

    Welcome to the enchanting world of Nepali weddings! Join us on a journey of love and cultural richness as we present the full wedding video of "ROHIT WEDS UMA." Witness the timeless traditions, vibrant celebrations, and heartwarming moments that marked this auspicious occasion on 29 Magh 2080 BS (12 Feb 2024) at Hamro Party Venue, Kapan, Kathmandu.

    Rohit Ghimire Wedding Gallery - Nepali Wedding Gallery

    From colorful rituals to joyful dances, this video captures the essence of a Nepali cultural wedding, where every moment is steeped in tradition and significance. Experience the beauty of Nepali customs, the melodious tunes of traditional music, and the festive ambiance that surrounded Rohit and Uma's union. Whether you're a fan of cultural weddings, a connoisseur of Nepali traditions, or simply love stories that celebrate love and togetherness, this video is sure to captivate your heart. Don't miss out on this unforgettable celebration of love, unity, and Nepali heritage. Hit play and immerse yourself in the magic of "ROHIT WEDS UMA"! Video capture by Makalu Digital Photo Studio Facebook Link : https://www.facebook.com/Weddingmakalu6 #nepali #nepaliweddinghighlight #nepaliwedding #marriagevideo #marriagecouplevlog



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    Wednesday 5 July 2023

    Hallelujah lyrics - Alexandra Burke

     

    Hallelujah lyrics - Alexandra Burke
    Hallelujah lyrics - Alexandra Burke

    In the realm of music, there are certain compositions that transcend time and touch the depths of the human spirit. One such masterpiece is "Hallelujah," a hauntingly beautiful song that has captivated hearts and minds for decades. Originally penned by the gifted songwriter Alexandra Burke, "Hallelujah" weaves together a tapestry of emotions, blending religious references with raw human experiences.

    Hallelujah lyrics - Alexandra Burke

    I heard there was a secret chord
    That David played, and it pleased the Lord
    But you don't really care for music, do ya?
    Well, it goes like this
    The fourth, the fifth
    The minor fall and the major lift
    The baffled king composing hallelujah

    Hallelujah
    Hallelujah
    Hallelujah
    Hallelujah

    Your faith was strong but you needed proof
    You saw her bathing on the roof
    Her beauty and the moonlight overthrew ya
    She tied you to her kitchen chair
    She broke your throne and she cut your hair
    And from your lips she drew the hallelujah

    Hallelujah
    Hallelujah
    Hallelujah
    Hallelujah

    Maybe there's a God above
    But all I've ever learned from love
    Was how to shoot somebody who outdrew ya
    And it's not a cry that you hear at night
    It's not someone who's seen the light
    It's a cold and it's a broken hallelujah

    Hallelujah
    Hallelujah
    Hallelujah
    Hallelujah

    Hallelujah
    Hallelujah
    Hallelujah
    Hallelujah

    Hallelujah
    Hallelujah

    The lyrics of "Hallelujah" are a testament to the depth of human emotions and the search for meaning in both love and spirituality. Alexandra Burke's masterful songwriting intertwines religious allusions with intimate human stories, allowing listeners to connect with the universal themes of loss, redemption, and the beauty that can emerge from brokenness. As you explore the lyrics of "Hallelujah," may you discover your own personal interpretation and find solace or inspiration in its hauntingly beautiful verses.

    "Hallelujah" is a timeless song that has left an indelible mark on the world of music. Penned by the talented songwriter Alexandra Burke, this mesmerizing composition has captivated audiences with its poetic and thought-provoking lyrics. In this article, we delve deep into the profound meaning behind the lyrics of "Hallelujah," unraveling the layers of emotion and spirituality hidden within.

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    Tuesday 4 July 2023

    15 Psychological Facts That Will Blow Your Mind

    15 Psychological Facts That Will Blow Your Mind
    15 Psychological Facts That Will Blow Your Mind

    15 Psychological Facts That Will Blow Your Mind

    The field of psychology looks at the science of the mind and behavior. Studies trying to understand why we are the way, we are have been going on for decades and will continue in the future. We’re learning more and more each day, but there’s still so much we don’t know. Some study finding are more fascinating than others. Did you know that punctuating in your text messages makes you come across as insincere? Strap yourself in; you’re in a wild psychological ride. The following psychological facts could just explain or confirm some of the things you see in yourself or others.

    1.     If We Have A Plan B, Our Plan A Is Less Likely To Work :

                                          Scientist at the University of Pennyslvania studied at the performers of volunteers on a certain task, and found that participants who thought about a backup plan did worse than those who didn’t. They also found that when participants realized they had other options, their motivation decreased. This is related to Expectancy Theory which was developed by Victor H, Vroom in 1964. Expectancy Theory basically states that your motivation for something Is a function of whether it expect to be successful at it.

    2.     Catching A Yawn Could Help Us  Bond :

                                           The work day had just begun, and you’re ready to get lots done. You’re sitting at your cubical during your morning meeting when the guy next to you lets out a big, loud, obnoxious yawn. Before you know it, you’re yawing yourself. But you’re not even tired ! That’s a response yawn. There are various theories explaining why yawns are contagious, one of the leading ones being that response yawns demonstrate empathy. This explains why young children that haven’t yet developed a sense of empathy or those on the autism spectrum are less likely to response yawn.

    3.     We Care About A single Person Than About Massive Tragedies :

                                            In another University of Pennysylvania study, researchers examined people’s behavior as  it related to donating to causes based on certain stimuli. One group was shown a starving young girl. The second group was told a statistic million of people dying of hunger, and the third group was talked about both. Those who heard only about the statistic donated the least, followed by those who heard about both. Those who heard about the little girl, donated double what the statistic group did. Psychologists attribute this to the fact that if a problem feels to big, we feel helpless and insignificant, like our efforts won’t have any payoff.

    4.     Beginnings And Ends Are Easier To Remember Than Middles :

                                        Have you ever been grocery shopping and you forget your grocery list? When trying to remember things without it, you can visualize it and remember things close to the beginning and ending, but the things in the middle are little fuzzy.

    5.     It Takes Five Positive Things To Outweigh A Single Negative Thing :

                                         You might’ve heard the advice to start and end your day by thinking about a few things you’re grateful for. This helps keep us balanced because we have what’s called a Negativity Bias which makes us focus on the bad stuff instead of the good. It’s useless  to ruminate on the negative things that brings you down. Shoot for a ratio of five good things to one bad in your life. You just might manifest something wonderful.

    6.     Food Tastes Better When Someone Else Makes It :

                                        Ever wonder why food always tastes better when mom makes it? In fact, Food tastes better whenever anyone else makes it assuming they’re a decent chef. Researchers attribute this to the fact that when you’re preparing meal for yourself by the time you’re ready to eat, it’s been so long that it’s less exciting, and as a result, you enjoy it less.

    7.     We’d Would Rather Know That When Something Bad Is Coming Then Not Know What To Expect :

                                                Have you ever felt a drop in your stomach when someone says, “we need to talk”? Your mind is immediately flooded with the millions of bad things it could be about. If it’ a romantic partner, you’d probably rather they just break up with you then and there. If it’s your boss, you’d rather they just fire you on the spot. Researchers have found that we prefer knowing something bad Is going to happen over uncertainty. This is because when our brain doesn’t know what to expect, it goes into overdrive trying to predict any possible consequences, both good and bad.

    8.     When One Rule Seems Too Strict, We Want To Break More :

                                      In the psychological phenomena known as Reactance, people tend to break more rules when they feel like certain freedoms are limited in an effort to regain the freedom that they perceive as being taken away. This is best illustrate d in teenagers. When grounded, not only might they sneak out, but they may end up engaging in other risky behaviors as a form of Reactance.

    9.     There Is A Reason We Want To Squeeze Cute Things :

                               Puppies and babies; don’t you just want to love them and squeeze them and cuddle with them? Well, apparently, That’ a natural reaction, and it’s known as Cute Aggression. According to a article in the Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, the idea behind cute aggression is that when we’re overcome with the positive feelings like those elicited by an adorable pup or baby, a tad bit of aggression balances out those overwhelming feelings, so that we don’t harm innocent little beings.

    10.  We Unintentionally Believe What We Want To Believe :

                              Confirmation Bias is the tendency to interpret facts in a way that confirms what we already believe. This explains why people with certain political views prefer certain news outlets over others. Forget even trying to get Uncle Fred to change his stance on international relations.  Not only does confirmations bias lead us to seek out information that agrees with what we already believe, but it also causes us to reject contradictory information.

    11. You Are Programmed To Most Loved Music You Listen To In High School :

    Good Music triggers the release of dopamine and other feel-good chemicals. Studies show that e connect to the music we bonded to during our teenage years, more so than we ever will as adults, despite the passage of time.

    12.   Memories Are More Like Pieced Together Pictures Than Accurate Snapshots :

                            False memories are something that you recall in your mind but aren’t actually true, either in whole or in part. An example could be believing you started the dishwasher before you left for work when you reay didn’t. This is because our brains can sometimes inaccurately fill in the blanks when it only remembers the gist of what happened.

    13.  We Look For Human Faces, Even In Inanimate Objects :

                             Pareidolia is the tendency to perceive specific often meaningful images, such as faces in random or ambiguous visual patterns. A common example is the man in the moon. Some scientist attribute the facts that, as social beings, recognizing faces is so important that we’d rather create one where it doesn’t exist than miss a real one that does.

    14. People Rise To Our High Expectations And Don’t Rise If We Have Low Ones :

       The Pygmalion Effect is a psychological phenomenon in which high expectations leads to improved performance. In a famous study in 1960s, researchers told teacher that random students had high potential according to their scores on an IQ test. They found that those indentified as high potential students did end up becoming high achievers, at least in part due to their teacher’s heightened expectations.

    15.Our Brain Doesn’t Think Long-Term Deadlines Are So Important :

                      Yeah, you could probably start on that big project for work or school now, but you’ve got several months. Before you know it, those months are gone and you’re scrambling to cram months’ worth of work into a matter of days. Urgent, unimportant task are more appealing. They provide instant gratification because they’re quicker and easier to cross of your to-do list. Our brain process short-term deadlines like those measured in days better than long-term ones such as months ar year

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